glutathione amino acid precursors synthesis from glycine and glutamine; 'retro-control' by amino acid precursors to glutathione

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Funding Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB)

Repeated cycles compound the damage

KD also contributed to increased sphingomyelin levels and enhanced hydroxylation of sphingomyelins and acylcarnitines, which determine changes in cell membrane composition

Preclinical studies suggest ALA may help defend neurons against oxidative stress, support synaptic function, and maintain healthy levels of glutathione, a critical antioxidant in brain cells.12 25 Importantly, ALA can cross the blood-brain barrier, making it a promising candidate for addressing conditions where oxidative stress or mitochondrial dysfunction play a role